Zimbabwean music has a rich cultural heritage that is reflected in its rhythms, melodies, and instruments. In this article, we take a closer look at the different types of music that originate from Zimbabwe, the instruments used, and the history behind the music.
Types of Zimbabwean Music
Zimbabwean music can be broadly classified into traditional, modern, and fusion. Traditional Zimbabwean music is deeply rooted in the country's cultural heritage and is still performed in many rural areas. It is characterized by the use of indigenous instruments such as the mbira, hosho, and ngoma.
Modern Zimbabwean music emerged in the 20th century and is heavily influenced by Western music styles such as jazz, blues, and rock. Artists such as Thomas Mapfumo, Oliver Mtukudzi, and the Bhundu Boys are some of the most well-known modern Zimbabwean musicians.
Fusion Zimbabwean music is a combination of traditional and modern styles. It blends the rhythms and melodies of traditional music with modern instruments and production techniques. Some notable fusion artists include Jah Prayzah Tuku Music and Mokoomba.
In the present day, Zimbabwean music continues to evolve, adapting to the digital era. The Zim dancehall sound, championed by artists like Winky D, has gained popularity among the "born free" generation. While traditional guitar-based genres still hold reverence, they are not as prominent in contemporary tastes.
Zimbabwean musicians face the challenges of balancing commercial success with preserving authentic local roots. The migration to digital platforms has reshaped revenue streams, making live performances, merchandising, sponsorships, and royalties crucial for artists' livelihoods.
Instruments Used in Zimbabwean Music
Zimbabwean music is known for its unique and diverse range of instruments. The mbira, also known as the thumb piano, is one of the most iconic instruments in Zimbabwean music. It consists of a wooden board with metal keys that are plucked with the thumbs to create different notes.
The hosho is another traditional instrument that is commonly used in Zimbabwean music. It is a percussion instrument made of a gourd with seeds inside that create a rattling sound when shaken.
The ngoma is a traditional drum that is used in many African countries, including Zimbabwe. It is made of wood or animal skin and is played with sticks to create a rhythmic beat.
History of Zimbabwean Music
In the early 1950s, as urbanization took hold in Salisbury (now Harare) and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, an influx of people from rural areas came in search of job opportunities. Among them were the first generation of Zimbabwean musicians eager to record their music. However, lacking established recording studios, early recordings were made by a mobile van from the Rhodesian Broadcasting Corporation (RBC) using basic equipment. These recordings were primarily used for the African Service radio broadcasts, entertaining the black majority. Despite the challenges, the music scene in Zimbabwe slowly gained momentum and evolved over the years.
The emergence of Recording Studios and Commercial Music
Before the 1960s, music recordings in Zimbabwe were primarily for archival purposes rather than commercial use. However, in the late 1960s, the establishment of companies like Commercial Radio and Television (CRT) saw the introduction of commercial music, radio jingles, and television program themes. CRT acquired the country's first disc-cutting machine, paving the way for local pop bands to start recording. In the early 1970s, Music Recording Services (MRS) brought in the first 4-track studio, recording the all-white group, Holly Black.
Around the same time, contact was made with Brunswick Gramophone House in South Africa, which extended its recording facility to Bulawayo. Teal Record Company, a subsidiary of EMI Records, was also established in Salisbury, further diversifying the recording scene.
Challenges and Successes of Local Recordings
While these efforts brought local music to the forefront, they faced significant challenges. The market was dominated by South African and Western records, and Zimbabweans favoured music from outside the country. As a result, local recordings struggled to gain traction. However, a breakthrough came when West Nkosi, a South African producer, recorded some Zimbabwean musicians, leading to a surge in local music's popularity.
In 1979, Teal Record Company took a bold step by releasing the album "Hokoyo" by Thomas Mapfumo, featuring revolutionary songs despite the government's opposition. The album's success marked a turning point for local music, and Mapfumo's unique blend of the sacred mbira music with trap drums, bass, and electric guitars coined the term "chimurenga," resonating with the liberation war.
The Emergence of Sungura and the Jit Sound
As Zimbabwe gained independence in 1980, there was a renewed sense of pride in the nation's cultural heritage. Sungura, a style of music and dance with Kenyan Benga influences, emerged as a popular genre. Sungura stars like James Chimombe, Leonard Dembo, and Alick Macheso captivated audiences with light-hearted songs reflecting daily life.
During this period, the term "jit" became synonymous with Zimbabwean pop music. Bands like The Bhundu Boys embraced the label and achieved international success, showcasing the country's musical diversity. Jit, in its essence, embodied the celebration and joy of Zimbabwean music, transcending linguistic and cultural barriers.
Challenges and Decline
The late '80s and '90s brought challenges for Zimbabwean musicians. The devastating impact of HIV/AIDS took the lives of talented artists, including members of The Bhundu Boys. Political unrest and economic instability under Robert Mugabe's rule exacerbated the situation, leading to piracy and dwindling revenues for musicians.
Additionally, the digital revolution and the advent of CDs brought new challenges. Independent labels emerged, leading to musicians leaving established record companies. Piracy further diminished artists' income, and despite efforts to combat it, the music industry struggled to adapt to the changing landscape.
The journey of Zimbabwean music from its early recordings with basic equipment to the modern era of digital platforms reflects a rich cultural tapestry. Local artists have overcome various obstacles, promoting their music and heritage on the global stage. While facing new challenges, the spirit of Zimbabwean music perseveres, continuously evolving with the times while preserving its essence and authenticity.